Amino Acid Derivatives and Their Uses

ABSTRACT

and salts thererof; n is from 0 to 4; and R3 is a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Also provided are compositions comprising, and methods of use of, the compounds of the present invention.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This is a continuation application which claims the benefit of U.S.divisional patent application Ser. No. 15/955,798, filed Apr. 18, 2018,which claims the benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14,938,334filed Nov. 11, 2015, which application claims the benefit of U.S.Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/078,187, filed Nov. 11, 2014.

BACKGROUND

A variety of amino acid derivatives are known in the art for a varietyof uses. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,874,068, WO2003/013454, andUS2010/0330136 disclose the use of Lauryl arginine ethyl ester (“LAE”),and certain related compounds, for use in oral compositions. Inaddition, LAE is currently used in hydroalcoholic mouth rinses toprevent bacterial attachment. However, applicants have recognized thatLAE tends to lack sufficient stability to be useful in low-alcohol oralcohol-free mouth rinses.

In addition, other documents such as WO2008/137758A2 and WO2000/011022disclose broad classes of compounds, which may include certain aminoacid derivatives, for uses such as for drug delivery or anti-tumor endbenefits, respectively.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an HPLC chromatograph and a mass spectrometry graph of[amino({[4-dodecanamido-4-(ethylcarbamoyl)butyl]amino})methylidene]azanium.

FIG. 2 is a drawing of the chemical structure and mass spectrometrygraph of[amino({[4-dodecanamido-4-(ethylcarbamoyl)butyl]amino})methylidene]azanium.

FIG. 3: is a ¹H-NMR graph of[amino({[4-dodecanamido-4-(ethylcarbamoyl)butyl]amino})methylidene]azanium.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to new amino acid derivatives developed byapplicants that are described by the Formula I:

wherein:

R₁ is a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic grouphaving from 5 to 22 carbon atoms;

R₂ is selected from the group consisting of the free base andcorresponding salt forms of the functional groups:

-   -   said salt versions having an anion X⁻ preferably selected from        the group consisting of acetate, benzoate, besylate, bromide,        chloride, chlortheophyllinate, citrate, ethandisulfonate,        fumarate, gluconate, hippurate, iodide, fluoride, lactate,        laurylsulfate, malate, laeate, mesylate, methysulfate,        napsylate, nitrate, octadecanoate, oxalate, pamoate, phosphate,        polygalacturonate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, and tosylate;

n is from 0 to 4; and

R₃ is a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic grouphaving from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

The compositions of Formula I may have any suitable linear or branched,saturated or unsaturated aliphatic group having from 5 to 22 carbons forR₁. Examples of suitable linear or branched, saturated or unsaturatedaliphatic groups having from 5 to 22 carbons include, C₅ to C₂₂ linearor branched alkyl groups, such as, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl,decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, up to docosanyl, and the like; as well as, C₅to C₂₂ linear or branched alkylene groups such as myristolyl up todocasanhexayl, and the like.

In certain embodiments, R₁ is linear or branched alkyl group having acarbon chain of from 5 to 22 carbons atoms, including for example,pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl up todocasonyl. In certain other embodiments, R₁ is linear or branched alkylgroup having a carbon chain of from 7 to 18 carbons atoms, including forexample, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl,tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl and octadecyl. In stillother embodiments, R₁ is linear or branched alkyl group having a carbonchain of from 9 to 14 carbons atoms, including for example, decyl,undecyl, dodecyl up to tetradecyl. In certain embodiments, R₁ is anundecyl group. In certain embodiments, R₁ is a heptyl group. In certainembodiments, R₁ is a heptadecyl group.

In certain embodiments, R₁ is linear or branched alkenyl group having acarbon chain of from 5 to 22 carbons atoms, including for example,9-hexadecenyl, 9-octadecenyl, 11-decenyl, 9,12-octadecandienyl,9,12,15-octadecatrienyl, 6,9,12-octadecatrienyl, 9-eicosenyl,5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenyl, 13-docosenyl and4,7,10,13,16,19-docosaheaenyl. In certain other embodiments, R₁ islinear or branched alkenyl group having a carbon chain of from 16 to 20carbons atoms, including for example, 9-hexadecenyl, 9-octadecenyl,11-decenyl, 9,12-octadecandienyl, 9,12,15-octadecatrienyl, and6,9,12-octadecatrienyl.

In certain embodiments, R₁ is a branched alkyl group having a carbonchain of from 5 to 22 carbons atoms, including for example,2-decyldodecanyl, 2-nonyltridecanyl, 2-octyltetradecanyl,2-heptylpentadecanyl, 2-hexylhexadecanyl, 2-pentylheptadecanyl,21-methylicosanyl, 18-ethylicosanyl, 16-propylnonadecyl, and14-butyloctadecyl.

The compositions of Formula I may comprise an R₂ group that is an aminegroup in its free base form (—NH₂) or a salt thereof, or a guanidinylfunctional group in its free base form (—NH(CNH)NH₂) or a salt thereof.Examples of suitable amine salts and guanidinyl salts include salts ofsuch groups having an anion (X−) selected from the group consisting ofacetate, benzoate, besylate, bromide, chloride, chlortheophyllinate,citrate, ethandisulfonate, fumarate, gluconate, hippurate, iodide,fluoride, lactate, laurylsulfate, malate, laeate, mesylate,methysulfate, napsylate, nitrate, octadecanoate, oxalate, pamoate,phosphate, polygalacturonate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, andtosylate. In certain embodiments, the composition of the presentinvention has an R₂ group that is an amine group in its free base form(—NH₂). In certain other embodiments, the composition of the presentinvention has an R₂ group that is an a guanidinyl group in its free baseform (—NH(CNH)NH₂). In certain embodiments, the composition of thepresent invention has an R₂ group that is an amine salt having an anionselected from the group consisting of acetate, benzoate, besylate,bromide, chloride, chlortheophyllinate, citrate, ethandisulfonate,fumarate, gluconate, hippurate, iodide, fluoride, lactate,laurylsulfate, malate, laeate, mesylate, methysulfate, napsylate,nitrate, octadecanoate, oxalate, pamoate, phosphate, polygalacturonate,succinate, sulfate, tartrate, and tosylate. In certain otherembodiments, the R₂ amine salt has an anion selected from the groupconsisting of acetate, benzoate, bromide, chloride, citrate, fumarate,gluconate, iodide, fluoride, lactate, malate, nitrate, oxalate,phosphate, sulfate, and in certain other embodiments an anion selectedfrom the group consisting of bromide, chloride, iodide, fluoride,oxalate, and phosphate. In addition, in certain embodiments, thecomposition of the present invention has an R₂ group that is aguanidinyl salt having an anion selected from the group consisting ofacetate, benzoate, besylate, bromide, chloride, chlortheophyllinate,citrate, ethandisulfonate, fumarate, gluconate, hippurate, iodide,fluoride, lactate, laurylsulfate, malate, laeate, mesylate,methysulfate, napsylate, nitrate, octadecanoate, oxalate, pamoate,phosphate, polygalacturonate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, andtosylate. In certain other embodiments, the R₂ guanidinyl salt has ananion selected from the group consisting of acetate, benzoate, bromide,chloride, citrate, fumarate, gluconate, iodide, fluoride, lactate,malate, nitrate, oxalate, phosphate, sulfate, and in certain otherembodiments an anion selected from the group consisting of bromide,chloride, iodide, fluoride, oxalate, and phosphate.

The compositions of Formula I may have any suitable linear or branched,saturated or unsaturated aliphatic group having from 1 to 6 carbons forR₃. Examples of suitable linear or branched, saturated or unsaturatedaliphatic groups having from 1 to 6 carbons include, C₁ to C₆ linear orbranched alkyl groups, such as, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl,isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, tert-pentyl, neopentyl,isopentyl, hexyl, isohexyl, neohexyl; as well as, C₂ to C₆ linear orbranched alkenyl groups such as vinyl, allyl, propenyl, butenyl,pentenyl, hexenyl, and the like. In certain embodiments, R₃ is linear orbranched alkyl group having a carbon chain of from 1 to 4 carbons atoms,including for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl,sec-butyl, isobutyl, and tert-butyl. In certain other embodiments, R₃ islinear or branched alkyl group having a carbon chain of from 1 to 3carbons atoms, including for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl andisopropyl. In certain embodiments, R₃ is an ethyl group.

In certain embodiments, R₃ is linear or branched alkenyl group having acarbon chain of from 2 to 6 carbons atoms, including for example, vinyl,allyl, propenyl, butenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, and the like as well asmixture thereof. In certain other embodiments, R₃ is linear or branchedalkylene group having a carbon chain of from 2 to 4 carbons atoms,including for example, vinyl, allyl, propenyl, and butenyl.

In the compounds of Formula I, n can be from zero to four. In certainembodiments, n is from 1 to 4, in certain embodiments from 2 to 4, incertain embodiments 3 to 4. In certain particular embodiments, n is 0.In certain other embodiments n is 1, in other embodiments n is 2 inother embodiments n is 3 and in other embodiments n is 4.

According to certain embodiments of the invention, the compounds ofFormula I are compounds wherein R₂ is a guanidinyl functional group inits free base form (—NH(CNH)NH₂) or a salt thereof; n is 3 or 4,preferably 3; R₃ is an aliphatic group having a carbon chain of about 2carbons atoms, for example an ethyl group; and R₁ is a linear orbranched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic group, including forexample an alkyl group, having from 9 to 16 carbon atoms, including fromabout 10 to about 16 carbon atoms, about 10 to about 15 carbon atoms,about 10 to about 14 carbon atoms, about 10 to about 13 carbon atoms,about 11 to about 14 carbon atoms, about 11 to about 15 carbon atoms,about 11 to about 16 carbon atoms, and about 11, and/or about 13 carbonatoms.

In certain other embodiments, the compounds of Formula I are compoundswherein R₂ is a guanidinyl functional group in its free base form(—NH(CNH)NH₂) or a salt thereof; n is 3; R₁ is a linear or branched,saturated or unsaturated aliphatic group, including for example an alkylgroup, having about 11 carbon atoms; and R₃ is a linear or branched,saturated or unsaturated aliphatic group, including for example an alkylgroup, having a carbon chain length of about 1 to 11 carbons atoms,including from about 2 to about 10 carbon atoms, about 2 to about 9carbon atoms, about 2 to about 8 carbon atoms, about 3 to about 11carbon atoms, about 3 to about 10 carbon atoms, about 3 to about 9carbon atoms, about 3 to about 8 carbon atoms, and about 2, about 6,and/or about 8 carbon atoms.

In certain other embodiments, the compounds of Formula I are compoundswherein R₂ is a guanidinyl functional group in its free base form(—NH(CNH)NH₂) or a salt thereof; n is 3; R₁ is a linear or branched,saturated or unsaturated aliphatic group, including for example an alkylgroup, having about 7 carbon atoms; and R₃ is a linear or branched,saturated or unsaturated aliphatic group, including for example an alkylgroup, having a carbon chain length of about 7 to 16 carbons atoms,including from about 7 to about 15 carbon atoms, about 7 to about 14carbon atoms, about 7 to about 13 carbon atoms, about 7 to about 12carbon atoms, about 7 to about 11 carbon atoms, and about 7, and/orabout 11 carbon atoms.

In certain other embodiments, the compounds of Formula I are compoundswherein R₂ is an amine group in its free base form (—NH₂) or a saltthereof; and n is 1, 3, or 4. Examples of such compounds include thosewherein n is 3; R₁ is a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturatedaliphatic group, including for example an alkyl group, having about 7carbon atoms; and R₃ is a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturatedaliphatic group, including for example an alkyl group, having a carbonchain length of about 1 to 11 carbons atoms, including from about 2 toabout 10 carbon atoms, about 2 to about 9 carbon atoms, about 2 to about8 carbon atoms, about 3 to about 11 carbon atoms, about 3 to about 10carbon atoms, about 3 to about 9 carbon atoms, about 3 to about 8 carbonatoms, and about 8, and/or about 11 carbon atoms. Other Examples includecompounds wherein n is 3; R₁ is a linear or branched, saturated orunsaturated aliphatic group, including for example an alkyl group,having about 11 carbon atoms; and R₃ is a linear or branched, saturatedor unsaturated aliphatic group, including for example an alkyl group,having a carbon chain length of about 1 to 11 carbons atoms, includingfrom about 1 to about 10 carbon atoms, about 1 to about 9 carbon atoms,about 1 to about 8 carbon atoms, about 1 to about 7 carbon atoms, about1 to about 6 carbon atoms, about 2 to about 11 carbon atoms, about 2 toabout 10 carbon atoms, about 2 to about 9 carbon atoms, about 2 to about8 carbon atoms, about 2 to about 7 carbon atoms, about 2 to about 6carbon atoms, and about 2 and/or about 6 carbon atoms.

One example of a compound of Formula I of the present invention is[amino({[4-dodecanamido-4-(ethylcarbamoyl)butyl]amino})methylidene]azanium(compound 9) as shown below.

As shown in the formula above, compound 9 represents a compound ofFormula I wherein R₁ is an undecyl group, R₂ is a guanidinyl group inits free base form, R₃ is an ethyl group, and n is 3.

Other examples of compounds of the present invention include, but arenot limited to compounds described by the formulae:

Any of a variety of suitable methods for synthesizing the compounds ofthe present invention may be used. For example, on particular method forsynthesizing[amino({[4-dodecanamido-4-(ethylcarbamoyl)butyl]amino})methylidene]azaniumis described in Example 1. As will be recognized by those of skill inthe art, other similar compounds of Formula I may be synthesized in asimilar manner using the appropriate starting materials to achieve theappropriate R₁, R₂, R₃ and n substitution on the molecule without undueexperimentation.

Applicants have recognized that the compounds of the present inventionprovide a wide variety of benefits, including, for example, incompositions for use in healthcare applications. Accordingly, in certainembodiments, the present invention is directed to healthcarecompositions comprising at least one compound of Formula I. Suchhealthcare compositions may be in any suitable form for use as, in, oron personal care, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and medical device products,and the like. In certain preferred embodiments, the compositions of thepresent invention are compositions for oral care, including, forexample, oral care compositions in the form of a solution, mouthwash,mouth rinse, mouth spray, toothpaste, tooth gel, sub-gingival gel,mousse, foam, denture care product, dentifrice, lozenge, chewabletablet, dissolvable tablet, dry powder and the like. The oral carecomposition may also be incorporated into or onto floss, dissolvablestrips or films or integrated into or onto a device or applicator fororal use.

In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention comprise atleast one composition of Formula I and a vehicle. Any suitable vehiclemay be used in the compositions of the present invention. Preferably,the vehicle is selected from the group consisting ofcosmetically-acceptable and pharmaceutically-acceptable vehicles. Asused herein, “cosmetically-acceptable” and “pharmaceutically-acceptable”vehicles are liquid, solid, or other ingredients suitable for use asvehicles in products for mammals, including humans without unduetoxicity, incompatibility, instability, irritation, allergic response,and the like.

For liquid compositions, the vehicle may be any suitable aqueous ornon-aqueous liquid vehicle. In certain embodiments, the liquid vehiclecomprises water. For example, in many compositions, as will beunderstood by those of skill in the art, water is added to q.s. (QuantumSufficit, Latin for “as much as needed”) the composition. In certainembodiments, the composition comprises from about 60% to about 99.99%water, including from about 70% to about 95% water, from about 80% to95% water, from about 60% to about 90% water, from about 60% to about80% water, or from about 60% to about 75% water.

In certain embodiments, alcohol may be added to the composition. Any ofa variety of alcohols represented by the formula R₄—OH, wherein R₄ is analkyl group having from 2 to 6 carbons, may be used in the presentinvention. Examples of suitable alcohols of formula R₄—OH includeethanol; n-propanol, iso-propanol; butanols; pentanols; hexanols, andcombinations of two or more thereof, and the like. In certainembodiments, the alcohol is, or comprises, ethanol.

In some embodiments, the alcohol may be present in the composition in anamount of at least about 10.0% v/v of the total composition, or fromabout 10% to about 35% v/v of the total composition, or from about 15%to about 30% v/v of the total composition and may be from about 20% toabout 25% v/v of the total composition.

Applicants have discovered that the compounds of the present inventionexhibit increased stability in low-alcohol or alcohol free formulations,while maintaining other oral care benefits, as compared to previouslyknown amino acid derivative compounds. Accordingly, in some embodiments,the composition may comprise a reduced level of alcohol. The phrase“reduced level” of alcohol means an amount of a R₄—OH alcohol of about10% v/v or less, optionally of about 5% v/v or less, optionally of about1% v/v or less, optionally of about 0.1% v/v or less by volume of thetotal composition. In certain embodiments, the compositions of thepresent invention are free of R₄—OH alcohols.

Alternatively, the compositions of the present invention may beformulated in a dissolvable tablet, dry powder, chewing gum, film,semi-solid, solid or liquid concentrate form. In such embodiments, forexample, water is added to q.s. as necessary in the case of liquiddissolvable tablet, concentrates or powdered formulations, or water maybe removed using standard evaporation procedures known in the art toproduce a composition in dry powder form. Evaporated, or freeze driedforms are advantageous for storage and shipping.

Any suitable amounts of one or more compounds of Formula I may be usedin the compositions of the present invention. In certain embodiments,the compositions comprise a total amount of compounds of Formula I(whether the composition comprises only one compound of Formula I or acombination of two or more thereof) of about 0.0001% to about 50% w/w ofactive/solid amount of total compounds of Formula I based on the totalweight of the composition. In certain embodiments, the percent of totalcompound(s) of Formula I is from about 0.001% to about 10%, or fromabout 0.01% to about 1%, or from about 0.05% to about 0.5% w/w ofactive/solid amount of total compounds of Formula I based on the totalweight of the composition.

In certain embodiments, as will be recognized by those of skill in theart, compounds made in accord with the present invention may be purifiedand/or may comprise a mixture of two or more compounds of Formula I. Incertain embodiments, the compositions of the present invention comprisea combination of at least two compounds of Formula I. In certainembodiments, the compositions of the present invention comprise acombination of at least three compounds of Formula I.

The compositions of the present invention may further comprise any of avariety of optional ingredients therein, including, but not limited tooily components, active ingredients, additional surfactants, humectants,solvents, flavors, sweeteners, colorants, preservatives, pH adjusters,pH buffers, and the like.

Any of a variety of oily components may be used in the presentcompositions. The oily component may comprise any one or more oils, orother materials that are water insoluble, or substantiallywater-insoluble, meaning that its solubility is less than about 1% byweight in water at 25° C. or, optionally, less than about 0.1%. Incertain embodiments, the oily component of the present inventioncomprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, at least oneessential oil, i.e. a natural or synthetic (or combination thereof)concentrated hydrophobic material of vegetable origin, generallycontaining volatile compounds, at least one flavor oil, or a combinationof two or more thereof. Examples of suitable essential oils, flavoroils, and their amounts are described below. In certain embodiments, thecomposition comprises a total amount of oily component of about 0.05%w/w or more, about 0.1% w/w or more, or about 0.2% w/w or more of oilycomponent.

In certain embodiments, compositions of the present invention compriseessential oils. Essential oils are volatile aromatic oils which may besynthetic or may be derived from plants by distillation, expression orextraction, and which usually carry the odor or flavor of the plant fromwhich they are obtained. Useful essential oils may provide antisepticactivity. Some of these essential oils also act as flavoring agents.Useful essential oils include but are not limited to citra, thymol,menthol, methyl salicylate (wintergreen oil), eucalyptol, carvacrol,camphor, anethole, carvone, eugenol, isoeugenol, limonene, osimen,n-decyl alcohol, citronel, a-salpineol, methyl acetate, citronellylacetate, methyl eugenol, cineol, linalool, ethyl linalaol, safrolavanillin, spearmint oil, peppermint oil, lemon oil, orange oil, sageoil, rosemary oil, cinnamon oil, pimento oil, laurel oil, cedar leafoil, gerianol, verbenone, anise oil, bay oil, benzaldehyde, bergamotoil, bitter almond, chlorothymol, cinnamic aldehyde, citronella oil,clove oil, coal tar, eucalyptus oil, guaiacol, tropolone derivativessuch as hinokitiol, avender oil, mustard oil, phenol, phenyl salicylate,pine oil, pine needle oil, sassafras oil, spike lavender oil, storax,thyme oil, tolu balsam, terpentine oil, clove oil, and combinationsthereof.

In certain embodiments, the essential oils are selected from the groupconsisting of thymol ((CH₃)₂CHC₆H₃(CH₃)OH, also known asisopropyl-m-cresol), eucalyptol (C₁₀H₁₈O, also known as cineol), menthol(CH₃C₆H₉(C₃H₇)OH), also known as hexahydrothymol), methyl salicylate(C₆H₄OHCOOCH₃, also known as wintergreen oil), isomers of each of thesecompounds, and combinations of two or more thereof. In some embodiments,the compositions of the present invention contain thymol. In someembodiments, the compositions of the present invention contain menthol.In some embodiments, the composition contains all four of theseessential oils.

In certain embodiments, thymol is employed in amounts of from about0.0001% to about 0.6% w/v, or from about 0.005% to about 0.07% w/v ofthe composition. In certain embodiments, eucalyptol may be employed inamounts of from about 0.0001% to about 0.51 w/v, or from about 0.0085%to about 0.10% w/v of the composition. In certain embodiments, mentholis employed in amounts of from about 0.0001% to about 0.25% w/v, or fromabout 0.0035% to about 0.05% w/v of the composition. In certainembodiments, methyl salicylate is employed in amounts of from about0.0001% to about 0.28% w/v, or from about 0.004% to about 0.07% w/v ofthe composition. In certain embodiments, the total amount of all of suchessential oils present in the disclosed compositions can be from about0.0004% to about 1.64% w/v, or from about 0.0165% to about 0.49% w/v ofthe composition.

In certain embodiments, fluoride providing compounds may be present inthe mouth rinse compositions of this invention. These compounds may beslightly water soluble or may be fully water soluble and arecharacterized by their ability to release fluoride ions or fluoridecontaining ions in water. Typical fluoride providing compounds areinorganic fluoride salts such as soluble alkali metal, alkaline earthmetal, and heavy metal salts, for example, sodium fluoride, potassiumfluoride, ammonium fluoride, cupric fluoride, zinc fluoride, stannicfluoride, stannous fluoride, barium fluoride, sodium hexafluorosilicate,ammonium hexafluorosilicate, sodium fluorozirconate, sodiummonofluorophosphate, aluminum mono-and difluorophosphate and fluorinatedsodium calcium pyrophosphate. Amine fluorides, such asN′-octadecyltrimethylendiamine-N,N,N′-tris(2-ethanol)-dihydrofluorideand 9-octadecenylamine-hydrofluoride), may also be used. In certainembodiments, the fluoride providing compound is generally present in anamount sufficient to release up to about 5%, or from about 0.001% toabout 2%, or from about 0.005% to about 1.5% fluoride by weight of thecomposition.

In certain embodiments, sensitivity reducing agents, such as potassiumsalts of nitrate and oxalate in an amount from about 0.1% to about 5.0%w/v of the composition may be incorporated into the present invention.Other potassium releasing compounds are feasible (e.g. KCl). Highconcentrations of calcium phosphates may also provide some addedsensitivity relief. These agents are believed to work by either formingan occlusive surface mineral deposit on the tooth surface or throughproviding potassium to the nerves within the teeth to depolarize thenerves. A more detailed discussion of suitable sensitivity reducingagents can be found in US 2006/0013778 to Hodosh and U.S. Pat. No.6,416,745 to Markowitz et al., both of which are herein incorporated byreference in their entirety.

In certain embodiments, compounds with anti-calculus benefits (e.g.various carboxylates, polyaspartic acid, etc.) may be incorporated intothe present invention. Also useful as an anticalculus agent are theanionic polymeric polycarboxylates. Such materials are well known in theart, being employed in the form of their free acids or partially orpreferably fully neutralized water soluble alkali metal (e.g. potassiumand preferably sodium) or ammonium salts. Preferred are 1:4 to 4:1 byweight copolymers of maleic anhydride or acid with another polymerizableethylenically unsaturated monomer, preferably methyl vinyl ether(methoxyethylene) having a molecular weight (M.W.) of about 30,000 toabout 1,000,000. These copolymers are available, for example, as Gantrez25 AN 139 (M.W. 500,000), AN 119 (M.W. 250,000) and preferably S-97Pharmaceutical Grade (M.W. 70,000), of GAF Chemicals Corporation.

Additional anti-calculus agents may be selected from the groupconsisting of polyphosphates (including pyrophosphates) and saltsthereof polyamino propane sulfonic acid (AMPS) and salts thereofpolyolefin sulfonates and salts thereof; polyvinyl phosphates and saltsthereof polyolefin phosphates and salts thereof diphosphonates and saltsthereof; phosphonoalkane carboxylic acid and salts thereof;polyphosphonates and salts thereof; polyvinyl phosphonates and saltsthereof; polyolefin phosphonates and salts thereof; polypeptides; andmixtures thereof carboxy-substituted polymers; and mixtures thereof. Inone embodiment, the salts are alkali metal or ammonium salts.Polyphosphates are generally employed as their wholly or partiallyneutralized water-soluble alkali metal salts such as potassium, sodium,ammonium salts, and mixtures thereof. The inorganic polyphosphate saltsinclude alkali metal (e.g. sodium) tripolyphosphate, tetrapolyphosphate,dialkyl metal (e.g. disodium) diacid, trialkyl metal (e.g. trisodium)monoacid, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium hydrogen phosphate, andalkali metal (e.g. sodium) hexametaphosphate, and mixtures thereof.Polyphosphates larger than tetrapolyphosphate usually occur as amorphousglassy materials. In one embodiment the polyphosphates are thosemanufactured by FMC Corporation, which are commercially known asSodaphos (n≈6), Hexaphos (n≈13), and Glass H (n≈21, sodiumhexametaphosphate), and mixtures thereof. The pyrophosphate salts usefulin the present invention include, alkali metal pyrophosphates, di-,tri-, and mono-potassium or sodium pyrophosphates, dialkali metalpyrophosphate salts, tetraalkali metal pyrophosphate salts, and mixturesthereof. In one embodiment the pyrophosphate salt is selected from thegroup consisting of trisodium pyrophosphate, disodium dihydrogenpyrophosphate (Na₂H₂P₂O₇), dipotassium pyrophosphate, tetrasodiumpyrophosphate (Na₄P₂O₇), tetrapotassium pyrophosphate (K₄P₂O₇), andmixtures thereof. Polyolefin sulfonates include those wherein the olefingroup contains 2 or more carbon atoms, and salts thereof. Polyolefinphosphonates include those wherein the olefin group contains 2 or morecarbon atoms. Polyvinylphosphonates include polyvinylphosphonic acid.Diphosphonates and salts thereof include azocycloalkane-2,2-diphosphonicacids and salts thereof, ions of azocycloalkane-2,2-diphosphonic acidsand salts thereof, azacyclohexane-2,2-diphosphonic acid,azacyclopentane-2,2-diphosphonic acid,N-methyl-azacyclopentane-2,3-diphosphonic acid, EHDP(ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1,-diphosphonic acid), AHP(azacycloheptane-2,2-diphosphonic acid),ethane-1-amino-1,1-diphosphonate, dichloromethane-diphosphonate, etc.Phosphonoalkane carboxylic acid or their alkali metal salts include PPTA(phosphonopropane tricarboxylic acid), PBTA(phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid), each as acid or alkali metalsalts. Polyolefin phosphates include those wherein the olefin groupcontains 2 or more carbon atoms. Polypeptides include polyaspartic andpolyglutamic acids.

In certain embodiments, zinc salts such as zinc chloride, zinc acetateor zinc citrate may be added as an astringent for an “antisepticcleaning” feeling, as a breath protection enhancer or as anti-calculusagent in an amount of from about 0.0025% w/v to about 0.75% w/v of thecomposition.

Any of a variety of additional surfactants may be used in the presentinvention. Suitable surfactants may include anionic, non-ionic,cationic, amphoteric, zwitterionic surfactants, and combinations of twoor more thereof. Examples of suitable surfactants are disclosed, forexample, in U.S. Pat. No. 7,417,020 to Fevola, et al which isincorporated in its entirety herein by reference.

In certain embodiments, the compositions of the present inventioncomprise a non-ionic surfactant. Those of skill in the art willrecognize that any of a variety of one or more non-ionic surfactantsinclude, but are not limited to, compounds produced by the condensationof alkylene oxide groups (hydrophilic in nature) with an organichydrophobic compound which may be aliphatic or alkyl-aromatic in nature.Examples of suitable nonionic surfactants include, but are not limitedto, alkyl polyglucosides; alkyl glucose amines, block copolymers such asethylene oxide and propylene oxide copolymers e.g. Poloxamers;ethoxylated hydrogenated castor oils available commercially for exampleunder the trade name CRODURET (Croda Inc., Edison, N.J.); alkylpolyethylene oxide e.g. Polysorbates, and/or; fatty alcohol ethoxylates;polyethylene oxide condensates of alkyl phenols; products derived fromthe condensation of ethylene oxide with the reaction product ofpropylene oxide and ethylene diamine; ethylene oxide condensates ofaliphatic alcohols; long chain tertiary amine oxides; long chaintertiary phosphine oxides; long chain dialkyl sulfoxides; and mixturesthereof.

Exemplary non-ionic surfactants are selected from the group known aspoly(oxyethylene)-poly(oxypropylene) block copolymers. Such copolymersare known commercially as poloxamers and are produced in a wide range ofstructures and molecular weights with varying contents of ethyleneoxide. These non-ionic poloxamers are non-toxic and acceptable as directfood additives. They are stable and readily dispersible in aqueoussystems and are compatible with a wide variety of formulations and otheringredients for oral preparations. These surfactants should have an HLB(Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance) of between about 10 and about 30 andpreferably between about 10 and about 25. By way of example, non-ionicsurfactants useful in this invention include the poloxamers identifiedas poloxamers 105, 108, 124, 184, 185, 188, 215, 217, 234, 235, 237,238, 284, 288, 333, 334, 335, 338, 407, and combinations of two or morethereof. In certain preferred embodiments, the composition comprisespoloxamer 407.

In certain embodiments, the compositions of the claimed inventioncomprise less than about 9% of non-ionic surfactant, less than 5%, orless than 1.5%, or less than 1%, or less than 0.8, less than 0.5%, lessthan 0.4%, or less than 0.3% of non-ionic surfactants. In certainembodiments, the composition of the present invention is free ofnon-ionic surfactants.

In certain embodiments, the compositions of the present invention alsocontain at least one alkyl sulfate surfactant. In certain embodiments,suitable alkyl sulfate surfactants include, but are not limited tosulfated C₈ to C₁₈, optionally sulfated C₁₀ to C₁₆ even numbered carbonchain length alcohols neutralized with a suitable basic salt such assodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide and mixtures thereof such that thealkyl sulfate surfactant has an even numbered C₈ to C₁₈, optionally C₁₀to C₁₆, chain length. In certain embodiments, the alkyl sulfate isselected from the group consisting of sodium lauryl sulfate, hexadecylsulfate and mixtures thereof. In certain embodiments, commerciallyavailable mixtures of alkyl sulfates are used. A typical percentagebreakdown of alkyl sulfates by alkyl chain length in commerciallyavailable sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) is as follows:

Alkyl Component Chain Percentage Length in SLS C₁₂ >60% C₁₄ 20%-35% C₁₆<10% C₁₀  <1% C₁₈  <1%

In certain embodiments, the alkyl sulfate surfactant is present in thecomposition from about 0.001% to about 6.0% w/v, or optionally fromabout 0.1% to about 0.5% w/v of the composition.

Another suitable surfactant is one selected from the group consisting ofsarcosinate surfactants, isethionate surfactants and tauratesurfactants. Preferred for use herein are alkali metal or ammonium saltsof these surfactants, such as the sodium and potassium salts of thefollowing: lauroyl sarcosinate, myristoyl sarcosinate, palmitoylsarcosinate, stearoyl sarcosinate and oleoyl sarcosinate. Thesarcosinate surfactant may be present in the compositions of the presentinvention from about 0.1% to about 2.5%, or from about 0.5% to about 2%by weight of the total composition.

Zwitterionic synthetic surfactants useful in the present inventioninclude derivatives of aliphatic quaternary ammonium, phosphonium, andsulfonium compounds, in which the aliphatic radicals can be straightchain or branched, and wherein one of the aliphatic substituentscontains from about 8 to 18 carbon atoms and one contains an anionicwater-solubilizing group, e.g., carboxy, sulfonate, sulfate, phosphateor phosphonate.

The amphoteric surfactants useful in the present invention include, butare not limited to, derivatives of aliphatic secondary and tertiaryamines in which the aliphatic radical can be a straight chain orbranched and wherein one of the aliphatic sub stituents contains fromabout 8 to about 18 carbon atoms and one contains an anionicwater-solubilizing group, e.g., carboxylate, sulfonate, sulfate,phosphate, or phosphonate. Examples of suitable amphoteric surfactantsinclude, but are not limited alkylimino-diproprionates, alkylamphoglycinates (mono or di), alkylamphoproprionates (mono or di),alkylamphoacetates (mono or di), N-alkyl [3-aminoproprionic acids,alkylpolyamino carboxylates, phosphorylated imidazolines, alkylbetaines, alkylamido betaines, alkylamidopropyl betaines, alkylsultaines, alkylamido sultaines, and mixtures thereof. In certainembodiments, the amphoteric surfactant is selected from the groupconsisting of alkylamidopropyl betaines, amphoacetates such as sodiumauroamphoacetate and mixtures thereof. Mixtures of any of the abovementioned surfactants can also be employed. A more detailed discussionof anionic, nonionic and amphoteric surfactants can be found in U.S.Pat. No. 7,087,650 to Lennon; U.S. Pat. No. 7,084,104 to Martin et al.;U.S. Pat. No. 5,190,747 to Sekiguchi et al.; and U.S. Pat. No.4,051,234, Gieske, et al., each of which patents are herein incorporatedby reference in their entirety.

In certain embodiments, the compositions of the claimed inventioncomprise less than about 9% of amphoteric surfactant, less than 5%, orless than 1.5%, or less than 1%, or less than 0.8, less than 0.5%, lessthan 0.4%, or less than 0.3% of amphoteric surfactants. In certainembodiments, the composition of the present invention is free ofamphoteric surfactants.

Additional surfactants may be added with the alkyl sulfate surfactant toaid in solubilization of the essential oils provided such surfactants donot affect the bioavailability of the essential oils. Suitable examplesinclude additional anionic surfactants, nonionic surfactants, amphotericsurfactants and mixtures thereof. However, in certain embodiments, thetotal surfactant concentration (including the alkyl sulfate surfactantalone or in combination with other surfactants) for mouth rinses of thepresent invention should not exceed or should about 9% or less,optionally, the total surfactant concentration should be about 5% orless, optionally about 1% or less, optionally about 0.5% or less w/w %of active surfactant by weight of the composition.

In certain embodiments, a sugar alcohol (humectant) is also added to theoral compositions of the present invention. The sugar alcohol solvent(s)may be selected from those multi-hydroxy-functional compounds that areconventionally used in oral and ingestible products. In certainembodiments, the sugar alcohol (s) should be nonmetabolized andnon-fermentable sugar alcohol (s). In specific embodiments, the sugaralcohols include, but are not limited to sorbitol, glycerol, xylitol,mannitol, maltitol, inositol, allitol, altritol, dulcitol, galactitol,glucitol, hexitol, iditol, pentitol, ribitol, erythritol and mixturesthereof. Optionally, the sugar alcohol is selected from the groupconsisting of sorbitol and xylitol or mixtures thereof. In someembodiments, the sugar alcohol is sorbitol. In certain embodiments, thetotal amount of sugar alcohol (s), which are added to effectively aid inthe dispersion or dissolution of the mouth rinse or other ingredients,should not exceed about 50% w/of the total composition. Or, total amountof sugar alcohol should not exceed about 30% w/v of the totalcomposition. Or, total amount of sugar alcohol should not exceed 25% w/vof the total composition. The sugar alcohol can be in an amount of fromabout 1.0% to about 24% w/v, or from about 1.5% to about 22% w/v, orfrom about 2.5% to about 20% w/v of the total composition.

In certain embodiments, a polyol solvent is added to the composition.The polyol solvent comprises a polyol or polyhydric alcohol selectedfrom the group consisting of polyhydric alkanes (such as propyleneglycol, glycerin, butylene glycol, hexylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol);polyhydric alkane esters (dipropylene glycol, ethoxydiglycol);polyalkene glycols (such as polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol)and mixtures thereof. In certain embodiments, the polyol solvent can bepresent in an amount of from 0% to about 40% w/v, or from about 0.5% toabout 20% w/v, or from about 1.0% to about 10% w/v of the composition.

In certain embodiments, the compositions of the present invention have apH of about 11 or less. In some embodiments, the compositions have a pHof from about 3 to about 7, or from about 3.5 to about 6.5, or fromabout 3.5 to about 5.0.

As will be recognized by those of skill in the art, the pH of thecomposition may be adjusted or maintained using a buffer in an amounteffective to provide the composition with a pH at or below 11. Thecomposition can optionally comprise at least one pH modifying agentsamong those useful herein include acidifying agents to lower pH,basifying agents to raise pH, and buffering agents to maintain pH withina desired range. For example, one or more compounds selected fromacidifying, basifying and buffering agents can be included to provide apH of about 2 to about 7, or in various embodiments from about 3 toabout 6, or from about 4 to about 5. Any orally acceptable pH modifyingagent can be used including without limitation hydrochloric, carboxylicand sulfonic acids, acid salts (e.g., monosodium citrate, disodiumcitrate, monosodium malate, etc.), alkali metal hydroxides such assodium hydroxide, borates, silicates, imidazole and mixtures thereof.One or more pH modifying agents are optionally present in a total amounteffective to maintain the composition in an orally acceptable pH range.In certain embodiments, inorganic acids may be used as the buffer addedto the composition.

In certain embodiments, organic acids may be used as the buffer added tothe composition. Organic acids suitable for use in the compositions ofthe present invention include, but are not limited to, ascorbic acid,sorbic acid, citric acid, glycolic acid, lactic acid and acetic acid,benzoic acid, salicylic acid, phthalic acid, phenolsulphonic acid, andmixtures thereof, optionally, the organic acid is selected from thegroup consisting of benzoic acid, sorbic acid, citric acid and mixturesthereof, or optionally, the organic acid is benzoic acid.

Generally the amount of buffering compound is from about 0.001% to about20.0% of the composition. In certain embodiment, the organic acid bufferis present in amounts of from about 0.001% to about 10% w/v of thecomposition, or from about 0.01% to about 1% of the composition.

In certain embodiments, additional conventional components may be addedas in mouthwashes and mouth rinses of the prior art. Whereas somealcohol containing mouth rinses have a pH of about 7.0, reduction of thealcohol level may require the addition of acidic preservatives, such assorbic acid or benzoic acid, which reduce pH levels. Buffer systems arethen necessary to control the pH of the composition at optimal levels.This is generally accomplished through the addition of a weak acid andits salt or a weak base and its salt. In some embodiments, usefulsystems have been found to be sodium benzoate and benzoic acid inamounts of from 0.01% (or about 0.01% w/v) to 1.0% w/v (or about 1.0%w/v) of the composition, and sodium citrate and citric acid in amountsof from 0.001% (or about 0.001% w/v) to 1.0% w/v (or about 1.0% w/v) ofthe composition, phosphoric acid and sodium/potassium phosphate ofamounts from 0.01% (or about 0.01%) to 1.0% (or about 1.0%) by weight ofthe composition. In certain embodiments, the buffers are incorporated inamounts that maintain the pH at levels of from 3.0 (or about 3.0) to 8.0(or about 8.0), optionally from 3.5 (or about 3.5) to 6.5 (or about6.5), optionally from 3.5 (or about 3.5) to 5.0 (or about 5.0).

Additional buffering agents include alkali metal hydroxides, ammoniumhydroxide, organic ammonium compounds, carbonates, sesquicarbonates,borates, silicates, phosphates, imidazole, and mixtures thereof.Specific buffering agents include monosodium phosphate, trisodiumphosphate, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, alkali metal carbonatesalts, sodium carbonate, imidazole, pyrophosphate salts, sodiumgluconate, sodium lactate, citric acid, and sodium citrate.

Sweeteners such as aspartame, sodium saccharin (saccharin), sucralose,stevia, acesulfame K and the like may be added for better taste inamounts of from about 0.0001% w/v to about 1.0% w/v. In certainpreferred embodiments, the sweetener comprises sucralose.

In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises flavors orflavorants to modify or magnify the taste of the composition, or reduceor mask the sharp “bite” or “burn” of ingredients such as thymol.Suitable flavors include, but are not limited to, flavor oils such asoil of anise, anethole, benzyl alcohol, spearmint oil, citrus oils,vanillin and the like may be incorporated. Other flavors such as citrusoils, vanillin and the like may be incorporated to provide further tastevariations. In these embodiments, the amount of flavor oil added to thecomposition can be from about 0.001% to about 5% w/v, or from about0.01% to about 0.3% w/v of the total composition. The particular flavorsor flavorants, and other taste improving ingredients, employed will varydepending upon the particular taste and feel desired. Those skilled inthe art can select and customize these types of ingredients to providethe desired results.

In certain embodiments, acceptably approved food dyes may be used toprovide a pleasing color to the compositions of the invention. These maybe selected from, but not limited to, the long list of acceptable fooddyes. Suitable dyes for this purpose include FD&C yellow #5, FD&C yellow#10, FD&C blue #1 and FD&C green #3. These are added in conventionalamounts, typically in individual amounts of from about 0.00001% w/v toabout 0.0008% w/v, or from about 0.000035% w/v to about 0.0005% w/v ofthe composition.

Other conventional ingredients may be used in the liquid or mouth rinsecompositions of this invention, including those known and used in theart. Examples of such ingredients include thickeners, suspending agentsand softeners. Thickeners and suspending agents useful in thecompositions of the present invention can be found in U.S. Pat. No.5,328,682 to Pullen et al., herein incorporated by reference in itsentirety. In certain embodiments, these are incorporated in amounts offrom about 0.1% w/v to about 0.6% w/v, or about 0.5% w/v of thecomposition.

In some embodiments, antimicrobial preservatives may be added to thecomposition. Some antimicrobial preservatives which may be used include, but are not limited to cationic antibacterials, such as sodiumbenzoate, polyquaternium polycationic polymers (i.e polyquaternium-42:Poly[oxyethylene(dimethylimino)ethylene (dimethylimino)ethylenedichloride]), quaternary ammonium salts or quaternary ammoniumcompounds, parabens (i.e. parahydroxybenzoates or esters ofparahydroxybenzoic acid), hydroxyacetophenone, 1,2-Hexanediol, CaprylylGlycol, chlorhexidine, alexidine, hexetidine, benzalkonium chloride,domiphen bromide, cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), tetradecylpyridiniumchloride (TPC), N-tetradecyl-4-ethylpyridinium chloride (TDEPC),octenidine, bisbiguanides, zinc or stannous ion agents, grapefruitextract, and mixtures thereof. Other antibacterial and antimicrobialagents include, but are not limited to:5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-phenol, commonly referred to astriclosan; 8-hydroxyquinoline and its salts, copper II compounds,including, but not limited to, copper(II) chloride, copper(II) sulfate,copper(II) acetate, copper(II) fluoride and copper(II) hydroxide;phthalic acid and its salts including, but not limited to thosedisclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,994,262, including magnesium monopotassiumphthalate; sanguinarine; salicylanilide; iodine; sulfonamides;phenolics; delmopinol, octapinol, and other piperidino derivatives;niacin preparations; nystatin; apple extract; thyme oil; thymol;antibiotics such as augmentin, amoxicillin, tetracycline, doxycycline,minocycline, metronidazole, neomycin, kanamycin, cetylpyridiniumchloride, and clindamycin; analogs and salts of the above; methylsalicylate; hydrogen peroxide; metal salts of chlorite; pyrrolidoneethyl cocoyl arginate; lauroyl ethyl arginate monochlorohydrate; andmixtures of all of the above. In another embodiment, the compositioncomprises phenolic antimicrobial compounds and mixtures thereof.Antimicrobial components may be present from about 0.001% to about 20%by weight of the oral care composition. In another embodiment theantimicrobial agents generally comprise from about 0.1% to about 5% byweight of the oral care compositions of the present invention.

Other antibacterial agents may be basic amino acids and salts. Otherembodiments may comprise arginine.

Other useful oral care actives and/or inactive ingredients and furtherexamples thereof can be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,682,722 to Majeti etal. and 6,121,315 to Nair et al., each of which are herein incorporatedby reference in its entirety.

The compositions of the present invention may be made according to anyof a variety of methods disclosed herein and known in the art. Inparticular, applicants have discovered for certain oral carecompositions, that the present compounds may be incorporated into oralcare compositions to produce compositions that tend to be relativelymore stable than prior compositions, including, for example, similarcompositions comprising LAE.

According to certain embodiments, the compositions of the presentinvention may be made according to the following method(s).

The compounds and compositions of the present invention may be used in avariety of methods of treating a mammalian body. Such methods generallycomprise introducing a compound or composition of the present inventioninto or onto the mammalian body to be treated. For example, certainmethods of the present invention comprise treating a condition ordisease of the skin, mucosal membrane, hair, eye, or other part of themammalian body by applying to the skin, mucosal membrane, hair, eye, orother part of the body, respectively, or injecting into the mammalianbody, a compound or composition of the claimed invention. Certainmethods of the present invention comprise treating a condition ordisease of the oral cavity, including the teeth, mucosal membranes/gums,and the like, by applying to the oral cavity, or injecting into the oralcavity or otherwise into the mammalian body, a compound or compositionof the claimed invention.

The compounds and compositions of the present invention may be used in avariety of methods of treating a mammalian body, in particular fordisrupting a biofilm on a surface of the oral cavity. According tocertain embodiments, the present invention comprises disrupting biofilmon a surface by contacting the surface comprising biofilm with acomposition of the present invention. In certain embodiments, thepresent invention comprises removing biofilm from a surface bycontacting the surface comprising biofilm with a composition of thepresent invention. In certain embodiments, the present inventioncomprises reducing bacterial attachment to a surface by contacting thesurface with a composition of the present invention. In certainembodiments, the present method comprises inhibiting plaque bycontacting a surface of the oral cavity with a compound or compositionof the present invention.

Any suitable surface of the oral cavity may be contacting in accord withthe methods of the present invention including one or more surfacesselected from the group consisting of surfaces of one or more teeth,surfaces of the gums, combinations of two or more thereof, and the like.

In each of the above methods, the composition of the claimed method maybe introduced to the surface to be contacted via any of a variety ofmethods. In certain embodiments, the composition is introduced into theoral cavity and applied to the surface by a user as a mouthwash or mouthrinse. In certain embodiments, the composition is introduced to the oralcavity and applied to the surface as a toothpaste on an article forcleaning the teeth, e.g. a toothbrush. The compositions of the presentinvention may be further introduced via the mouth and applied to thesurface as a gum, lozenge, dissolvable strip, or the like.

Furthermore, the contacting step of the methods of the present inventionmay comprise contacting the surface with the composition for anysuitable amount of time. In certain embodiments, the contacting stepcomprises contacting the surface for less than thirty seconds. Incertain embodiments, the contacting step comprises contacting thesurface with the composition for thirty seconds or more, for example,for about thirty seconds, for about 40 seconds, for about one minute, orfor greater than one minute.

EXAMPLES Example 1: Synthesis of[amino({[4-dodecanamido-4-(ethylcarbamoyl)butyl]amino})methylidene]azanium(Compound 9) Reaction Scheme employed for the synthesis of compound 9

[amino({[4-dodecanamido-4-(ethylcarbamoyl)butyl]amino})methylidene]azaniumwas synthesized in accord with the following procedure:

Condensation of Protected Arginine with Ethylamine: A mass of 19.72 g ofN-α-(9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl)-N-ω′,N-ω″-bis-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-L-argine(Fmoc-Arg(Boc)₂—OH; 0.033050; 1.0 equivalents) and 12.80 g of1-[Bis(dimethylamino)methylene]-1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyridinium3-oxid hexafluorophosphate (HATU; 0.033663 moles; 1.0 equivalents) wasdissolved in in 120 mL of dichloromethane (DCM). To this, 19.0 mL(0.038000 moles; 1.1 equivalents) of 2.0 M ethylamine in tetrahydrofuran(THF) was added to the reaction mixture. To promote the condensationreaction, 18.0 mL of diisopropylethylamine (DIEA; 0.10334 moles; 3.0equivalents) was added to the reaction mixture and allowed to stir for24 hours at room temperature under argon gas (Ar(g)). The reaction wasfollowed by thin-layer chromatography by monitoring the consumption ofreactants and production of product 1. Upon completion, the reactionmixture was concentrated under vacuum and product 1 was purified oversilica employing a methanol (MeOH) gradient with DCM. The purified massof product 1 was 16.5 g, a yield of 80%.

Fmoc-deprotection of Product 1: A mass of 16.5 g of product 1 (0.026453moles; 1.0 equivalents) was dissolved in 80 mL of DCM. After which 20 mLof piperidine (0.23488 moles; 8.9 equivalents) was added to the reactionmixture and allowed to stir at room temperature under Ar(g). Thereaction was monitored by TLC until completion. Product 2 wasconcentrated under vacuum and purification was attempted over silica.The impure mass of product 2 was 10.83 g.

Condensation of Product 2 with Lauric Acid: A mass of 10.83 g of product2 (0.026973 moles; 1.0 equivalents) and 11.29 g of HATU (0.029692 moles;1.1 equivalents) was dissolved in 120 mL of DCM. To this a mass of 5.95g of lauric acid (0.029702 moles; 1.1 equivalents) was added to thereaction mixture. To promote the condensation reaction, 14.0 mL of DIEA(0.080377 moles; 3.0 equivalents) was added to the reaction mixture andallowed to stir for 24 hours at room temperature under Ar(g). Thereaction was followed by thin-layer chromatography by monitoring theconsumption of reactants and production of product 3. Upon completion,the reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum and product 3 waspurified over silica employing a ethyl acetate (EtOAc) gradient withheptane. The purified mass of product 3 was 7.0 g, a yield of 44%.

Boc-group Deprotection of Product 3: A mass of 7.0 g of product 3(0.011990 moles; 1.0 equivalents) was dissolved in dioxane. To this, 50mL of 12.1 M concentration hydrochloridic acid (HCl; 0.60500 moles; 50.1equivalents) was added to the reaction mixture. The reaction was stirredfor 2 hours at room temperature under Ar(g). Upon completion of thereaction a significant amount of product3 remained with respect toproduct 4. Therefore, the reaction mixture was concentrated and thereaction was repeated for 30 minutes to ensure complete conversion ofproduct3 to product4. After near complete conversion was observed, thereaction was concentrated under vacuum and purified over silicaemploying a MeOH gradient with DCM. The final purified mass of product4, the desired product, was 2.77 g, a yield of 60%. Complete ¹H -NMR,LC/MS and flow injection positive mode ESI-MS was performed to confirmthe identity of the product.

In general the reaction scheme that can be employed is shown below.Here, the Fmoc-protect amino acid can be couple to any primary (orsecondary amine) with any one of the various coupling agents to amidatethe carboxylic acid. Following deprotection of the Fmoc-group withpiperidine, the amine on the amino acid can be acetylated with anycarboxylic acid employing any one of the plethora of coupling agents.Finally, deprotection of any side chain protection groups can beperformed by utilizing a strong acid.

Generalized Amino Acid Surfactant Reaction Scheme

As further illustrated in FIGS. 1-3, the resulting purified product wasmeasured using HPLC monitoring absorbance at 220nm wavelength, massspectrometry, and proton NMR in D₂O using a 400 MHz Bruker instrumentwith 16 scans and identified as[amino({[4-dodecanamido-4-(ethylcarbamoyl)butyl]amino})methylidene]azanium.Shown in FIG. 1 is the LC/MS of purified compound 9. (A) HPLCchromatogram monitoring absorbance at 220 nm wavelength. (B) Thecorresponding positive mode electrospary ionization mass spectrometeryof the primary peak highlighted in the red dotted line box. Thecalculated m/z for the [M+H]⁺of compound 9 is calculated to be384.58727. Shown in FIG. 2 is: (A) The chemical structure andcorresponding [M+H]⁺m/z for compound 9. (B) Positive mode ESI-MS ofcompound 9 final product. Shown in FIG. 3 is: ¹H-NMR of compound 9 inD₂O on 400 MHz Bruker instrument with 16 scans.

Example 2: Dose Response of Compound 9 Prevention of BacterialAttachment

Compositions A-F comprising different concentrations of compound 9 inwater are shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Formulation compositions used in Example 2 Composition A B C D EF Compound 9 (w/w %) 0.4 0.3 0.15 0.1 0.05 0.01 Purified Water (w/w %)99.6 99.7 99.85 99.9 99.95 99.99Initial studies evaluated the concentration effect of compound 9 in asimple water solution (Table 1 compositions) on prevention of bacterialattachment to pellicle coated HA pegs. Compound 9 in water demonstrateda dose dependent response and the most effective concentration wasidentified to be 0.3 wt % (Table 2). However, 0.15 wt % compound 9 alsodemonstrated efficacy at preventing bacterial attachment and wasevaluated at that concentration further to match the concentration ofLAE in the current commercial product, Listerine Advanced Defense GumHealth (positive control).

TABLE 2 Prevention assay efficacy results for compositions in Table 1Composition Positive Negative A B C D E F Control Control Average 3.443.25 4.86 5.59 5.52 5.95 4.09 6.20 Log RLU Std Error — — — — — — 0.140.15

Example 3: Compound 9 Prevents Bacterial Attachment Equivalent to LAE

The optimal concentration of compound 9 (0.15 wt %) was compared to thesame concentration of LAE for prevention of bacterial attachment whenformulated into a simple water or alcohol solution (Table 3).

TABLE 3 Formulation compositions used in Example 3 Compositions G H I JCompound 9 (w/w %) 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.15 LAE (w/w %) 0.15 0.00 0.15 0.00Alcohol, 190 proof (w/w %) 18.2 18.2 0 0 Purified Water (w/w %) 81.6581.65 99.85 99.85

Table 4 suggests that compound 9 (0.15 wt %) is equally as efficaciousas LAE (0.15 wt %) at preventing bacterial attachment in both a 21.6%alcohol and water based solution. LAE concentration in ListerineAdvanced Defense Gum Treatment (LAGDT) is 0.15 wt % which was thepositive control with water as the negative control.

TABLE 4 Comparison between LAE and compound 9 in the prevention ofbacterial attachment Compositions 21.6% Alcohol (Positive (Negative G HI J Control Control) Control) Average Log 4.35 4.75 4.85 4.59 5.96 4.096.20 RLU Std Error — — 0.26 0.47 — 0.14 0.15

Example 4: Compound 9 Prevents Bacterial Attachment in Full Formula

Following confirmation that LAE prevents bacterial attachment to thesame degree as LAE by the same mechanism of action, full formulas withcompound 9 were optimized. Compound 9 compositions K-R include 0.15 wt %compound 9 in alcohol free base (Table 5).

TABLE 5 Formulation compositions used in example 3. Composition K L M NO P Q R Compound 9 (w/w %) 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15L-Menthol, USP (w/w %) 0.0039 0.0000 0.0039 0.0000 0.0039 0.0000 0.00390.0000 Thymol NF(w/w %) 0.0062 0.0000 0.0062 0.0000 0.0062 0.0000 0.00620.0000 Methyl Salicylate NF 0.0064 0.0000 0.0064 0.0000 0.0064 0.00000.0064 0.0000 (w/w %) Eucalyptol USP (w/w %) 0.0090 0.0000 0.0090 0.00000.0090 0.0000 0.0090 0.0000 Pluracare F-127 NF Prill 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.200.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 (w/w %), Poly ethylene oxide co-propylene oxideMackam (w/w %) (31% 0.00 0.00 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.00 0.00LAURAMIDOPROPYL BETAINE, 62.7% water, 5.4% sodium chloride) Benzoic Acid(w/w %) 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 Sodium Benzoate, NF/FCC0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 Dense Form (w/w %) Sucralose(w/w%), 1:5- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01Dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-β-D fructofuranosyl-4-chloro- 4-deoxy-α-D-galactopyranoside Sorbitol 70%, USP 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.0010.00 10.00 (w/w %), (2S, 3R, 4R, 5R)- Hexane-1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6-hexolPropylene Glycol, USP 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 (w/w %)Intensate Sweet Mint II, 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.00 SF MOD(w/w %) Purified Water (w/w %) 82.43 82.48 81.79 81.83 81.99 82.03 82.6382.68 Final pH 4.20 4.20 4.20 4.20 4.20 4.20 4.20 4.20

The results in Table 6 suggest that the presence of essential oils (EOs)has no effect on compound 9 (0.15 wt %) prevention of bacterialattachment. However, surfactant has a major effect with 0.645 wt %Mackam and no surfactant enabling the best prevention of attachment. LAEconcentration in Listerine Advanced Defense Gum Treatment (LAGDT) is0.15 wt % which is the positive control with water as the negativecontrol.

TABLE 6 Prevention efficacy of formulations in Table 5. CompositionsPositive Negative K L M N O P Q R Control Control Average Log 4.70 4.884.33 4.39 4.08 4.17 3.82 3.65 4.09 6.20 RLU Std Error — — — — — — — —0.14 0.15

Example 5: Compound 9 Maintains Stability in An Alcohol-free FormulationWhile LAE Does Not

Select formulations (Table 7) were further evaluated for stabilityfollowing incubation at 50° C. for 4 weeks by HPLC.

TABLE 7 Formulation compositions for Example 5. Composition S L I JL-Menthol, USP (w/w %) 0.0039 0.0039 0 0 Thymol NF (w/w %) 0.0062 0.00620 0 Methyl Salicylate NF (w/w %) 0.0064 0.0064 0 0 Eucalyptol USP (w/w%) 0.0090 0.0090 0 0 Pluracare F-127 NF Prill 0.20 0.20 0 0 (w/w %),Poly ethylene oxide co-propylene oxide Benzoic Acid (w/w %) 0.05 0.05 00 Sodium Benzoate, NF/FCC 0.11 0.11 0 0 Dense Form (w/w %) Sucralose(w/w%), 1,6-Dichloro- 0.01 0.01 0 0 1,6-dideoxy-β-D-fructofuranosyl-4-chloro-4- deoxy-α-D-galactopyranoside Sorbitol 70%,USP (w/w %), 10.00 10.00 0 0 (2S,3R,4R,5R)-Hexane- 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexolPropylene Glycol, USP (w/w %) 7.00 7.00 0 0 Intensate Sweet Mint II, SF0.017 0.017 0 0 MOD (w/w %) LAE (w/w %) 0.15 0 0.15 0 Compound 9 (w/w %)0 0.15 0 0.15 Purified Water (w/w %) 82.43 82.43 99.85 99.85 Final pH4.37 4.37 — —

Table 9 shows that compound 9 containing formulations are able maintainat least 90% compound 9 out to 8 weeks when stored at 50° C. as opposedto LAE which shows only 46 and 73% stability of the molecule after thatlength of storage (determined by HPLC).

TABLE 9 Compound 9 is stable in alcohol free formulation compositions. %of Compound Remaining Following Storage at 50° C. Week 0 Week 2 Week 4Week 8 Composition S 99 85 69 46 Composition L 104 95 93 92 CompositionI 99 73 72 73 Composition J 100 90 98 106

Example 6: Compounds 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 11, 12, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21,22, 23, 24, 25, and 26 Prevent Bacterial Attachment

A broader set of compounds (compounds 1-26) were evaluated for theirability to prevent bacterial attachment on a pellicle coatedhydroxyapatite pegs. The results in Table 10 suggest that compounds 1,2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 11, 12, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, and 26have the ability to prevent bacterial attachment with compounds 1, 2, 3,6, 9, 12, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, and 26 preventing bacterial attachment thebest. All tests were done in simple solution solvent base formulas(Table 11). Listerine Advanced Defense Gum Treatment (LAGDT) is thepositive control with water as the negative control.

TABLE 10 Prevention efficacy of formulations in Table 11. Compositions TU V W X Y Z A1 B1 C1 Average Log RLU 3.88 3.96 4.00 5.61 6.29 4.41 6.476.68 4.98 6.55 Compositions D1 E1 F1 G1 H1 I1 J1 K1 L1 M1 Average LogRLU 5.77 4.40 6.13 5.97 5.82 5.74 3.50 3.86 3.51 5.00 CompositionsPositive Negative N1 O1 P1 Q1 R1 S1 Control Control Average Log RLU 3.574.64 5.64 5.67 5.36 3.83 4.44 6.42

TABLE 11 Formulation compositions used in Example 6. Composition (w/w %)T U V W X Y Z Compound 1 Compound 2 Compound 3 Compound 4 Compound 5Compound 6 Compound 7 Compound 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.15 0.15 PurifiedWater 99.70 99.90 99.70 99.90 99.70 99.85 79.85 Ethanol 0 0 0 0 0 0 20Propylene Glycol 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Composition (w/w %) A1 B1 C1 D1 E1 F1 G1Compound 8 Compound 9 Compound 10 Compound 11 Compound 12 Compound 13Compound 14 Compound 0.3 0.15 0.15 0.3 0.15 0.15 0.15 Purified Water79.70 79.85 79.85 99.70 99.85 49.85 49.85 Ethanol 20 20 0 0 0 0 0Propylene Glycol 0 0 20 0 0 50 50 Composition (w/w %) H1 I1 J1 K1 L1 M1N1 Compound 15 Compound 16 Compound 17 Compound 18 Compound 19 Compound20 Compound 21 Compound 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 PurifiedWater 49.85 99.85 99.85 99.85 99.85 79.85 99.85 Ethanol 0 0 0 0 0 20 0Propylene Glycol 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 Composition (w/w %) O1 P1 Q1 R1 S1Compound 22 Compound 23 Compound 24 Compound 25 Compound 26 Compound0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 Purified Water 99.85 99.85 99.85 79.85 99.85Ethanol 0 0 0 20 0 Propylene Glycol 0 0 0 0 0

Example 7: Compounds 1 and 3-13 are Stable in Simple SolutionFormulations (Table 13) and Compounds 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11 and 12 DoNot Result in More Than a One Log Reduction in S. mutans

Compounds 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11 and 12 were evaluated in an in-vitrosingle species S. mutans biofilm model (Table 12 row 2). All compoundstested do not result in more than a one log reduction in S. mutans.Listerine Cool Mint was the positive control with water as the negativecontrol. Compounds 1-13 were evaluated for structural stability via HPLCafter storage at 50° C. for 4 and 8 weeks (Table 12 rows 3 and 4). Allcompounds tested maintained stability with only compound 2 showing asignificant decrease in peak area. All tests were done in simplesolution solvent base formulas (Table 13).

TABLE 12 S. mutans biofilm efficacy (row 2), compound stability after 4weeks of storage at 50° C. (row 3), and compound stability after 8 weeksof storage at 50° C. (row 4) of formulations in Table 13. CompositionsT1 U1 V1 W1 X1 Y1 Z1 A2 B2 C2 S. Mutans Average 5.90 5.84 6.13 6.16 NT6.20 6.51 NT 6.12 NT Log RLU % Stable Derivative 98.80 76.30 103.0897.35 105.21 104.56 94.20 98.74 102.35 97.65 at 4 weeks storage at 50°C. % Stable Derivative 91.39 63.46 106.34 96.06 96.54 106.43 93.84100.18 104.39 93.95 at 8 weeks storage at 50° C. Compositions PositiveNegative D2 E2 F2 G2 H2 12 Control Control S. Mutans Average 5.56 6.02NT NT NT NT 3.86 6.43 Log RLU % Stable Derivative 98.38 119.74 123.65 NTNT NT — — at 4 weeks storage at 50° C. % Stable Derivative 100.69 90.48121.83 NT NT NT — — at 8 weeks storage at 50° C. NT = composition nottested.

TABLE 13 Formulation compositions used in Example 7. Composition (w/w %)T1 U1 V1 W1 X1 Y1 Z1 A2 Compound 1 Compound 2 Compound 3 Compound 4Compound 5 Compound 6 Compound 7 Compound 8 Compound 0.30 0.10 0.30 0.100.30 0.15 0.15 0.30 Purified Water 99.70 99.90 99.70 99.90 99.70 99.8579.85 99.70 Ethanol 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 Propylene Glycol 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Composition (w/w %) B2 C2 D2 E2 F2 G2 H2 I2 Compound 9 Compound 10Compound 11 Compound 12 Compound 13 Compound 14 Compound 15 Compound 16Compound 0.15 0.15 0.30 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 Purified Water 79.8579.85 99.70 99.85 49.85 49.85 49.85 99.85 Ethanol 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Propylene Glycol 0 20 0 0 50 50 50 0

Example 8: Compounds 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 11 and 12 Prevent BacterialAttachment When Tested in Alcohol Free Full Formulations (Table 15)

Some of the lead candidates at preventing bacterial attachment werefurther optimized in alcohol-free full formulations with water as theonly solvent (Table 15) for their ability to prevent bacterialattachment with and without essential oils (EOs) (Table 14: J2-Q2without EOs and Q2-W2 with EOs). All formulations tested preventbacterial attachment better when formulated with EOs. Listerine AdvancedDefense Gum Treatment (LAGDT) is the positive control with water as thenegative control.

TABLE 14 Prevention efficacy of formulations in Table 15. CompositionsJ2 K2 L2 M2 N2 O2 P2 Q2 R2 Average 3.98 4.02 4.52 4.51 4.81 4.70 NT 3.683.60 Log RLU Compositions Positive Negative S2 T2 U2 V2 W2 ControlControl Average 3.61 3.58 3.63 3.74 3.50 4.21 5.86 Log RLU

TABLE 15 Formulation compositions used in Example 8. Composition (w/w %)J2 K2 L2 M2 N2 O2 P2 Compound Compound Compound Compound CompoundCompound Compound 1 2 3 6 9 11 12 Compound 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.150.15 Pluracare F-68 NF Prill 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 (w/w %),Poly ethylene oxide co-propylene oxide Propylene glycol, USP 0.00 0.000.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Sucralose(w/w %), 1,6- 0.059 0.059 0.059 0.0590.059 0.059 0.059 Dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-β-D- fructofuranosyl-4-chloro-4-deoxy-α-D-galactopyranoside Benzoic Acid 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.0860.086 0.000 Sodium Benzoate, NF/FCC 0.077 0.077 0.077 0.077 0.077 0.0770.000 Dense Form L-Menthol, USP 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000.000 Thymol NF 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 MethylSalicylate NF 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Eucalyptol USP0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Garbanzo 8 EC MOD, 0.000 0.0000.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 UT264932/00 Purified water 97.13 97.1397.13 97.13 97.13 97.13 97.29 Composition (w/w %) Q2 R2 S2 T2 U2 V2 W2Compound Compound Compound Compound Compound Compound Compound 1 2 3 6 911 12 Compound 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 Pluracare F-68 NFPrill 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 (w/w %), Poly ethylene oxideco-propylene oxide Propylene glycol, USP 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000.00 Sucralose(w/w %), 1,6- 0.059 0.059 0.059 0.059 0.059 0.059 0.059Dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-β-D- fructofuranosyl-4-chloro-4- deoxy-α-D-galactopyranoside Benzoic Acid 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.000Sodium Benzoate, NF/FCC 0.077 0.077 0.077 0.077 0.077 0.077 0.000 DenseForm L-Menthol, USP 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 Thymol NF0.018 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.018 Methyl Salicylate NF 0.0700.070 0.070 0.070 0.070 0.070 0.070 Eucalyptol USP 0.017 0.017 0.0170.017 0.017 0.017 0.017 Garbanzo 8 EC MOD, 0.088 0.088 0.088 0.088 0.0880.088 0.088 UT264932/00 Purified water 96.92 96.92 96.92 96.92 96.9296.92 97.08

Example 9: Compounds 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 11 and 12 Prevent BacterialAttachment When Tested in Alcohol-free Full Formulations (Table 17)

The lead candidates at preventing bacterial attachment were furtheroptimized in alcohol-free full formulations with water and propyleneglycol as the solvents (Table 17) for their ability to prevent bacterialattachment with and without essential oils (EOs) (Table 16: X2-D3without EOs and E3-K3 with EOs). All formulations tested preventbacterial attachment better when formulated with EOs. Listerine AdvancedDefense Gum Treatment (LAGDT) is the positive control with water as thenegative control.

TABLE 16 Prevention efficacy of formulations in Table 17. CompositionsX2 Y2 Z2 A3 B3 C3 D3 E3 F3 Average 4.67 3.50 5.18 4.65 4.94 5.23 3.513.49 3.38 Log RLU Compositions Positive Negative G3 H3 I3 J3 K3 ControlControl Average 3.53 3.67 3.60 3.99 3.30 4.31 6.12 Log RLU

TABLE 17 Formulation compositions used in Example 9. Composition (w/w %)X2 Y2 Z2 A3 B3 C3 D3 Compound Compound Compound Compound CompoundCompound Compound 1 2 3 6 9 11 12 Compound 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.150.15 Pluracare F-68 NF Prill 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 (P188),Poly ethylene oxide co-propylene oxide Propylene glycol, USP 15.00 15.0015.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 Sucralose(w/w %), 1,6- 0.059 0.059 0.0590.059 0.059 0.059 0.059 Dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-β- D-fructofuranosyl-4-chloro-4-deoxy-α-D- galactopyranoside Benzoic Acid 0.086 0.086 0.0860.086 0.086 0.086 0.011 Sodium Benzoate, 0.077 0.077 0.077 0.077 0.0770.077 0.010 NF/FCC Dense Form L-Menthol, USP 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000.000 0.000 0.000 Thymol NF 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000Methyl Salicylate NF 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000Eucalyptol USP 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Garbanzo 8 ECMOD, 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 UT264932/00 Purifiedwater 83.63 83.63 83.63 83.63 83.63 83.63 83.77 Composition (w/w %) E3F3 G3 H3 I3 J3 K3 Compound Compound Compound Compound Compound CompoundCompound 1 2 3 6 9 11 12 Compound 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15Pluracare F-68 NF Prill 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 (P188), Polyethylene oxide co-propylene oxide Propylene glycol, USP 15.00 15.0015.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 Sucralose(w/w %), 1,6- 0.059 0.059 0.0590.059 0.059 0.059 0.059 Dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-β-D-fructofuranosyl-4-chloro- 4-deoxy-α-D- galactopyranoside Benzoic Acid0.086 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.011 Sodium Benzoate, NF/FCC 0.0770.077 0.077 0.077 0.077 0.077 0.010 Dense Form L-Menthol, USP 0.0200.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 Thymol NF 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.0180.018 0.018 0.018 Methyl Salicylate NF 0.070 0.070 0.070 0.070 0.0700.070 0.070 Eucalyptol USP 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017Garbanzo 8 EC MOD, 0.088 0.088 0.088 0.088 0.088 0.088 0.088 UT264932/00Purified water 83.57 83.57 83.57 83.57 83.57 83.57 83.71

METHODS Formulation Preparation

The formulations in Examples 2-9 were prepared using conventional mixingtechnology. Briefly, benzoic acid and sodium benzoate were dissolved inpropylene glycol or water. Flavor and essential oils were dissolved inpropylene glycol or in surfactant and water (in some compositions no EOsor flavor were added). Sucralose was dissolved in water. Surfactant wasdissolved/mixed into water. The sodium benzoate and benzoic acidcontaining solution was added to the mixing vessel followed by theessential oil and flavor solutions and then the surfactant solution andsorbitol. This was followed by addition of the solid compound.Sonication or increase in temperature may or may not be used to expeditethe dissolution of the compounds. The pH of the formulations wasadjusted to about pH 4.2 with sodium hydroxide or hydrochloric acid andthen water added to q.s. the composition.

Prevention Assay Method

The formulations in Examples 2-4, 6, 8 and 9 were prepared and test forprevention of bacterial attachment using the prevention assay. In thisassay hydroxyapatite-coated polystyrene peg plate (96 pegs, N=8 pergroup) was exposed to saliva for one minute to form a pellicle at atemperature of 35C. Then, for each formulation, eight pegs (N=8) werepre-treated for ten minutes with the formulation using an orbital shakerset to 500 RPM at room temperature. As a negative control, eight pegs(N=8) were pre-treated for ten minutes with sterile water. Next, a16-hour salivary biofilm was grown on these polystyrene peg plates at atemperature of 35C.

After all treatments were complete, the biofilm from each peg wasneutralized and rinsed. The biofilm was harvested via sonication using aQ-Sonica Q700 Ultrasonic Liquid Processor with 431MP4-00 microplate hornDamper and 0.5:1 reverse gain booster (Q-Sonica, Newtown, CT). Using aCelsis Rapid Detection RapiScreen kit (Celsis International PLC,Chicago, Ill.), the bacteria were lysed with Celsis Luminex and then theadenosine triphosphate (ATP) from the lysed bacteria was measured usingthe bioluminescence marker Celcis Luminate and a Centro LB 960Microplate Luminometer supplied by Berthold Technologies (Wildbad,Germany). Data were reported in log RLU (relative light units) wheredecreasing log RLUs indicated fewer viable bacteria remained on thebiofilm substrate. The log RLUs for the prevention assay are shown onTables 2, 4, 6, 10, 14, and 16.

S. Mutans Single Species Kill Assay

The formulations listed in Example 7 were prepared and tested using anin-vitro single species S. mutans biofilm model. A 24-hour S. mutansbiofilm is grown on a polystyrene peg plate (96 pegs, N=6 per testgroup). The pegs were subsequently treated for thirty seconds with eachof formulations H and I, as well as positive and negative controls. Thetreatment is applied as a single thirty (30) second treatment. Thepositive control is a commercially available essential oil mouth rinse.The negative control is sterile water. After treatment the biofilm isneutralized and rinsed. The biofilm is harvested via sonication using aMisonix Ultrasonic Liquid Processor (Farmingdale, N.Y.). Using a CelsisRapid Detection RapiScreen kit (Celsis International PLC, Chicago), thebacteria are lysed with Celsis Luminex and then the adenosinetriphosphate (ATP) from the lysed bacteria is measured using thebioluminescence marker LB960 Microplate Luminometer supplied by Berthold(Wildbad, Germany). Data are reported in log RLU (relative light units)where decreasing log RLUs indicates fewer viable bacteria remaining onthe biofilm substrate.

HPLC Quantification of Compounds

Briefly, formulations containing either LAE or any of the 26 compoundsand standards are diluted into a solution of 50% acetonitrile and 50%water. They are evaluated on an Agilent HPLC using a Zorbax ion exchangecolumn. In the method, 10 uL of the sample is withdrawn and ran throughthe HPLC with a 40% potassium phosphate (molarity at pH 3.0) 60%acetonitrile mobile phase. Sample retention time varies between 4 and 12minutes, depending upon the molecule. The molecule peak isauto-integrated using the Online Agilent HPLC software. Comparisons aremade to the standard to identify the % of compound remaining followingstorage.

What is claimed is: 1-19.
 20. A method of improving the structuralstability of an amino acid derivative in an amino acid derivativecontaining alcohol free compositions or compositions comprises a reducedlevel of alcohol comprising the steps of: adding to a composition anamino acid derivative compound of Formula I:

wherein: R₁ is a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphaticgroup having from 5 to 22 carbon atoms; R₂ is selected from the groupconsisting of the functional groups:

and salts thererof, said salts having an anion X⁻ selected from thegroup consisting of acetate, benzoate, besylate, bromide, chloride,chlortheophyllinate, citrate, ethandisulfonate, fumarate, gluconate,hippurate, iodide, fluoride, lactate, laurylsulfate, malate, laeate,mesylate, methysulfate, napsylate, nitrate, octadecanoate, oxalate,pamoate, phosphate, polygalacturonate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, andtosylate; n is from 1 to 4; and R₃ is a linear or branched, saturated orunsaturated aliphatic group having from 1 to 11 carbon atoms; storingthe composition for a length of storage, and determining the amount ofthe compound retained in the composition after the length of storage,wherein the composition is alcohol free or comprises about 10% v/v orless of alcohol.
 21. The method of claim 20 wherein R₁ is a C₇-C₁₇ alkylgroup.
 22. The method of claim 21 wherein R₃ is a C₁-C₆ alkyl group 23.The method of claim 20 wherein the compound of Formula I is a compoundhaving a formula selected from the group consisting of:


24. The method of claim 23 wherein the compound of Formula I is acompound having the formula:


25. The method of claim 20 wherein R₂ is a guanidinyl functional groupin its free base form or a salt thereof; n is 3 or 4; R₃ is an ethylgroup; and R₁ is a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturatedaliphatic group having from 9 to 16 carbon atoms.
 26. The method ofclaim 25 wherein n is 3 and R₁ is an alkyl group having from 11 to 13carbon atoms.
 27. The method of claim 20 wherein R₂ is a guanidinylfunctional group in its free base form or a salt thereof; n is
 3. 28.The method of claim 27 wherein R₁ is an alkyl group having about 11carbon atoms and R₃ is an alkyl group having a carbon chain length of 2to 8 carbon atoms.
 29. A method of improving the structural stability ofan amino acid derivative in an amino acid derivative containing alcoholfree compositions or compositions comprises a reduced level of alcoholcomprising the steps of: adding to a composition an amino acidderivative compound of Formula I:

wherein: R₁ is a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphaticgroup having from 5 to 22 carbon atoms; R₂ is an amine group in its freebase form (—NH₂) or a salt thereof; and n is 1, 3, or 4; and R₃ is alinear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic group having acarbon chain length of about 7 to 16 carbon atoms; storing thecomposition for a length of storage, and determining the amount of thecompound retained in the composition after the length of storage,wherein the composition is alcohol free or comprises about 10% v/v orless of alcohol.
 30. The method of claim 29 wherein R₁ is an alkyl grouphaving about 7 carbon atoms and R₃ is an alkyl group having a carbonchain length of 7 to 11 carbon atoms.
 31. The method of claim 29 whereinR₁ is a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic grouphaving 7 carbon atoms and R₂ is a guanidinyl functional group in itsfree base form or a salt thereof; n is
 3. 32. The method of claim 29wherein R₁ is a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphaticgroup having 7 carbon atoms.
 33. The method of claim 29 wherein R₁ is analkyl group having about 7 carbon atoms and R₃ is an alkyl group havinga carbon chain length of 8 to 11 carbon atoms.
 34. The method of claim29 wherein R₁ is a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturatedaliphatic group having 11 carbon atoms.
 35. The method of claim 34wherein R₁ is an alkyl group having about 11 carbon atoms and R₃ is analkyl group having a carbon chain length of 2 to 6 carbon atoms.
 36. Themethod of claim 20 wherein the compound is selected from the groupconsisting of:


37. The method of claim 29 wherein the compound is selected from thegroup consisting of:


38. The method of claim 29 wherein R₁ is a C₇-C₁₁ alkyl group.